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The best of all possible worlds?


One of the major philosophers of the French Enlightenment was undoubtedly François-Marie Arouet "Voltaire." With his agile pen sharp, ironic humor with that which characterized wrote many reviews that are up to the sun very much at issue today.









In one of his "Candide o The Optimist "mercilessly mocks the Christian philosopher Leibniz.


It said that live in the best of all possible worlds, meaning that is in the nature of man to be (or try at least) a good man. It is said that man always points to the pursuit of perfection. For Leibniz the worst of all possible worlds is the man who points to the wrong and want to voluntarily move away from perfection.

When Voltaire read Leibniz's phrase, it becomes the object of derision. But it does not because I thought, as if Hobbes thought that man is and will remain bad. Voltaire did not understand what Leibniz meant. He confused their terms, thinking that what the philosopher meant is that the world is perfect and has no imperfections. This theory is very easy to refute: they simply are witnesses of all wars that man has caused, poverty, enriching a few at the expense of a people, corruption, the existence of totalitarians and dictators, rapists, criminals, murderers who clearly demonstrate that the world is imperfect.


is why the young Candide, a good man, optimistic, roams the world looking for the "perfect" world that fails. As our hero, he is optimistic will not change his mind, despite all the misery and suffering the horrors he sees in the world. Candido

always remember the teachings of his teacher who told him that any damage that may occur is a contribution to the common good, (part of the irony of the author of course). However, Voltaire does not deny that man is good. Indeed in this satire, Voltaire created characters like the Anabaptist Jacques to help Candide on his journey and is presented as being unselfish. As with the character of the old woman picks it up from the ground, takes him home and feeds him. We can say that Voltaire admits there is goodness in the world.

We conclude that, viewed from a different perspective, Voltaire did not destroy the philosophy of Leibniz, but he made his own critique of the world's imperfections. His satire is entirely valid and is not as pessimistic as it seems. To Voltaire (I think that Leibniz also) the world is not bad, just is imperfect.

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Rousseau "A new contract" The contract Locke



Rousseau was one of the most important philosophers of the French Enlightenment. Born in Geneva, Switzerland, June 28, 1712 and died in Ermenonville, France, July 2, 1778. Perhaps this was the most radical in their positions. His most famous work is the Social Contract. It raises that man is neither good nor bad just is pure in its natural state. This primitive man, he realizes that in order to survive needs of others. Behold the reason the contract.





however, suggests that this first contract, is wrong and must create a new one (a social). Rousseau sees the main cause of social inequality is private property, so this should be minimized, then eliminate social differences.


He suggests that if you as an individual is clear of all material and spiritual, and gives it all (ie the State) will receive more than what they had before, because the state officer shall divide equally all that has been given. Sound familiar? Many consider Rousseau as a proto-communist such as radical ideas.

The failure of this contract is that the men were given their freedom to a few to govern society as they wished. Rousseau argues that man must recover all its freedoms has potentially How recover for these freedoms? Rousseau provides a simple answer but we'll see utopian and contradictory "radical democracy"

Rousseau sees the "Parliamentary Monarchy" proposed by Montesquieu and his colleagues illustrated Voltaire is not a suitable system. The proposal is based on that should govern all, not representatives, but directly through the ballot.

Rousseau is based on pure democracy of ancient Greece, where all voting in the assembly and decided by voting. What Rousseau obviously did not see and that makes their wishful thinking, is that in a state where considered "men" did not exceed a few, as currently the numbers have tripled and therefore the representation was necessary.

to him through the ballot we absolutes, rejecting minorities. Those minorities that in an election voted against it are obliged to realize at the time of his mistake (as it was an absolute truth, the opposite is just lying). This is only the basis of the dictatorship of the majority. With a demagogue, it is very easy to fall into this dictatorship. Obviously

Rousseau dreamed of a world with fewer and more egalitarian social differences. But as we know, all those who have raised these types of philosophies end in failure so utopian about it. We are different, always have been, and that no philosophy, no matter how humane it is going to change. You can amend the laws to a more just, less corrupt, they all be tried before the law without prejudice to skin color, economic status, religion, beliefs, things pertaining to the dignity of man, but dictatorship is not justified to impose something that is proven, it can not happen.

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As we saw in the previous essay on Hobbes, man in his natural state is an anarchist that has no moral or ethical one, does not respect laws, this justifies that the king is an absolutist who takes away all the freedoms to man, achieve peace and order.

For John Locke, Hobbes was wrong, and with good reason. Firstly because it had a pessimistic vision of man. State formation is created for very different purposes What the man did the State? Why such a contract? Locke replied that the state must ensure, in his own words "life, liberty, health, rest of the body and the possession of external things, such as money, land, houses, furniture and the like."

He understands that there is no such thing as perfection. The man in most of the time is a rational, though has emotions and passions overused that may lead you to commit irrational acts. Therefore the welfare state is to guarantee the citizen and to prevent man from being diverted from the right path. You must create the conditions for man to seek happiness. If for a moment you deviate from that path, the state is to reform and punish if necessary. The laws are therefore needed to ensure justice, equality and freedom.

Locke anthropological vision is based on pragmatic view of life. The Man learns through what his senses and then rationalize about it. You do not have preconceived ideas innate. That is, if you believe in God, it at first told him exists and voluntarily chose to believe in him, because he saw it as something good, but not because from birth I knew of its existence. That is, a person who has no basic knowledge of mathematics, may not know how to add or subtract, they are skills you learn in the process of education and socialization. Hence the importance given to Locke that man is a social being that is in contact with his surroundings. Unlike Hobbes, who saw socialization as "a necessary evil"

For Locke the man in his natural state is known to be free and equal, inalienable rights to the state contract. These inalienable rights are four, the first is the right to life. As I own me, the state has no right to dispose of my life, the only one who has that right myself. I'm free, so the government can not persecute or depart for my beliefs, religions, tastes, colors, values, ethics and morals. So if I am, liberal, conservative, Christian, Jewish, Catholic, Huguenot Calvinist, deist, agnostic, or to take this time, proyankie, capitalist, anarchist, social democrat, Social Christian, the state that does not owe interest

As man is laborious, which is his works, the private property is a natural right too. The state has no power to remove man what is rightfully theirs.

The State has an obligation to recognize the natural law that man has at birth. So if a government is not respecting the rights and fundamental freedoms that are untouchable, it is because you are not respecting the contract and the man can, as Locke says "cry to heaven" and rebellion without it being an unlawful act . This is the last of the inalienable rights that we all have.


is important to know that thanks to the contributions of Locke, we have today the declaration of human rights, which have been expanded and improved over time. No doubt Locke is a humanist who saw man, not the devil who had Hobbes, or holy man of Thomas Aquinas, but as it is, with its strengths and weaknesses. Undoubtedly a model that all humans should take into account.