What do we know about Attention Deficit Disorder?
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Monday, March 14, 2011
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What we know about Attention Deficit Disorder? The Paradiario 14
is one of the most important disorders in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, up nearly 50% of the consultations, and being also possibly the most studied all. Stories For Children
The Children's Stories Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by three symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, although as we shall see not always have to be present together, because there are different subtypes within this disorder. This is one of the most important disorders in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, up nearly 50% of the consultations, and being also possibly the most studied of all of them. It is a chronic disorder, which can change its manifestations from childhood to adulthood, which interferes in many areas of normal functioning and the symptoms persist in up to 50-80% cases in adults. Constitutes a clinical problem and major public health, generator problems and imbalances in children, adolescents and adultos.Aunque apparently looks like a recent syndrome, we can find historical references from XIX.La century prevalence of this disorder is around 3-10% of children. Regarding gender, it is proven that children are more likely than girls, in numbers ranging from 2 to 1 to 9 to 1. Girls more frequently present problems of inattention, learning difficulties and anxious symptoms and emotional symptoms of impulsivity or agresividad.De However, the estimated prevalence vary according to the methods of study, the diagnostic system and associated criteria (eg. situational versus generalized degree of mismatch), the measures used, the informants, the sample estudiada.Se estimated that over 80% children continue to suffer the disorder in adolescence, and between 30-65% at present also in adulthood. However, the manifestations of the disorder will vary significantly over the origin of life.The attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) or hyperkinetic disorder is not understood. The information available to date suggests the improbability of finding a single cause the disorder, rather considered the final pathway of a number of biological phenomena that interact with each other and with other environmental variables, both of biological and psychosocial. The initial ideas of "minimal brain damage have come in recent years to evolve into neurobiology and genetics studies. Similarly, although psychosocial factors not currently considered as the main cause, the study of family problems present in children with this pathology has revealed its important role in the development of symptoms, the onset of behavioral comorbidities (oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder) and, therefore, the design terapéuticas.Aunque interventions have been many environmental factors (both biological and psychosocial) associated with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD), to date none (or any combination thereof) has been shown to cause necessary and / or sufficient for the manifestation of trastorno.Dentro biological factors include events during pregnancy and pre-perinatal, such as maternal consumption of snuff, alcohol, drugs and other problems of pregnancy, poor maternal health, child age mother postmadura fetal age, prolonged labor, fetal distress, low birth weight, antepartum haemorrhage, etc. Studies in this regard, however, far from conclusive, except when presenting a number of factors predisposing to increased vulnerability general, not specific for TDAH.Los psychosocial factors, similarly, determined more general psychopathological risk that a particular risk for mental disorders concrete. Within these general risk factors, researchers found a positive association between ADHD and the rate of Rutter adversity factors (marital problems, low social class, extended family, parental criminality, maternal mental disorder and not the child's family placement .) These factors tend to emerge as universal predictors of adaptability and mental health, and in certain aspects (parental criminality, family conflict, low social class) might be more an expression of parental presence in their cause disorder in children. Thus, the findings on the environmental contribution to ADHD should be interpreted with caution, since many details of family function and adversity have originally a notable contribution of heredity in biological terms, may be due to the presence of symptoms in parents and conditions similar to those found in family studies conducted hijos.Los clinical samples showed a possible family connection of the disorder, finding the parents of children suffering a relative risk between 2 and 8 times higher than normal population of developing the disorder themselves. Conversely, the calculated risk for a child to suffer the condition if one parent suffers is 57%. In adoption studies, non-biological siblings of children with ADHD have less risk of the disorder or related disorders (such as oppositional disorder or conduct disorder) than biological siblings. Twin studies indicate a concordance of the disorder from 50% to 80% in monozygotic twins compared with 29-33% in dizygotic twins, the latter percentage similar to that found in other studies for non-twin siblings.
Originally published in Diagnosis: Currently, diagnosis is done using the following criteria: A.
(1) or (2)
1. six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level: Inattention
* a) often does not pay attention to details or incurs careless mistakes in schoolwork, work or other activities
* b) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
* c) often does not seem listen when spoken to directly
* d) often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)
* e) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
* f) often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework)
* g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (eg. toys, school assignments, pencils, books or tools)
* h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
* i) is often neglected in the activities diarias2. six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and little logic in relation to the developmental level: Hyperactivity
* a) often moves in Excess hands or feet or squirms in seat
* b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected to
* c) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations where is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)
* d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in activities quietly Leisure
* e) is often "busy" or often acts as if "was driven by a motor"
* f) often talks
excesoImpulsividad * (g) often gives the answers before abruptly being completed the questions
* (h) often has difficulty awaiting turn
* (i) often interrupts or intrudes on others (p. instance butts into conversations or games)
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